18. [Rate & Equilibrium]

--Rate & Equilibrium--

During this standard I learned about how to speed up chemical reactions as well as how to get an equilibrium. The part that stood out the most was the video that explained what could be done to speed up the chemical reactions. In the beginning however I was confused about the equations and how to work through acquiring equilibrium. This standard was quite interesting as well as my mind being blow by the clock reaction.

16. [Combustion]

--~Combustion~--

I learned about fire. I learned about the chemical reaction for combustion and why activation energy is needed. I learned what elements must be involved for combustion to occur. It was also re-emphasized that energy is neither lost or gained, only transferred between components of the system. I finally learned how to read a graph and which parts show the reactant energy, product energy, activation energy, and total change in energy. Oh, and I'm able to identify an activated complex and when a reaction is either endothermic or exothermic!

And I got to see Shoe play with fire very professionally..

This standard was not too difficult, it was very short.
And ya, that's all folks.

Stoichiometry

---Stoichiometry---

 15. Stoichiometry.. I believe I have learned stoichiometry and may have aced the test on the first try. I learned about balancing equations, and understanding the difficulties of switching from unit to unit. The part that stood out the most in this standard was being able to set up the problems and move throughout the diagram properly. I was totally oblivious as to how to set up and do the problems properly until I learned the diagram.

Stoichiometry...
I hate it...
But I love it...

Synthesis & Decomposition

Synthesis and Decomposition

I learned about synthesis and decomposition through chemical reactions. The part where we had to write out the equation has stood out the most as it requires a lot of thought and precision. I actually enjoyed learning this standard as it was quite easy to comprehend. I did not get confused during this standard. And I look forward to after Thanksgiving when we may select and work in our own groups.

 

Acids, Bases, & pH

~~~~~~Acids, Bases, & pH~~~~~~

 In this section I learned about acids, bases, and pH. I learned about the variation of pH, how low an acid is and how high a base is.
Lucky 7 #NEUTRAL
I learned the difference between pOH and pH. H+ is a proton and a lot of these go into an acid. OH- is lame, but a lot of these make up a base. Also, titration is essential in neutralizing an acid of base so we don't kill fishies!!
Some labs and stations were challenging while some were very fun and educational. I look forward to after Thanksgiving so I may work with the "Dream-Team"

Ideal Gas Laws

11. [Gases]

I learned about ideal gas laws and how temperature, pressure, and volume relate. The formula "PV=nRT"

stood out as I quickly learned about it and was able to utilize it. I wasn't completely confused on anything specifically. It is mostly straight forward and easy to understand. The coolest part was seeing Mr. Schouweiler do his magic again by crushing a can by simply pouring out hot water.

Mr. Schouweiler is Magic
That is what I have learned -->

Marshmallow Calorimetry

~Marshmallow Calorimetry~

In this lab I learned a lot about how energy is transferred as well as how much energy can be in something. A small marshmallow could have more energy per gram than a large marshmallow. I learned that not everything is as straight-forward as it would seem. 

Extension (3) : We could use ice and the formula q=mHf to calculate the heat emitted from the marshmallow by knowing the ices temperature. We know the melting and boiling point of ice, there-go we can know the amount of temperature change that the ice went through when the heat was emitted from the marshmallow.

Thermal Energy

~Thermal Energy~

The metal block feels cooler than the wooden block because the metal block absorbs the thermal energy from our skin at a faster rate than wood. This makes it feel as if the metal block is colder even though they are the same temperature.

The metal block melted the ice faster because it was absorbing the heat from the metal block faster than it did the wood.

EXTENSION:
- Although there are no particles between the earth and the sun, the earth is still heated by the sun due to radiation. Heat is transferred through empty space by thermal radiation, often called infrared radiation.

Heating Curves

~Heating Curves~

I learned about heating curves!

I found the heating of ice to its melting and boiling point, the temperature does not increase very fast. With the experiment my group tested, saltwater slowly rose for a bit of time and then started to increase much faster. Sugar and Salt could change the way the heating curve was. 

I would think the cooling curve would be slightly similar to the heating curve. I think it wouldn't decrease immediately, but then slowly increase at its cooling rate.

5.2

~Molecules~

In 5.2 we learned about molecules and covalent bonds.We learned how atoms can share electrons. We also learned how to draw Lewis structures properly. We learned how to apply the relationship between bond energy and length of single, double, and triple bonds. Finally, we learned how to write names for binary covalent compounds.

Need to Know

- Difference between ionic and covalent bonds

- How nonmetals share electrons

- How to draw Lewis structures properly

- Bond energy and length of bonds

- How to write covalent compounds

5.2 was slightly challenging. The hardest part (without the flow chart) would be knowing the difference between ionic and covalent compounds and being able to write them properly.

We need to know about molecules as we move into inter-molecular forces..

5.1

~Ionic Compounds~

In 5.1 we learned about ionic compounds. We described how ions are formed and in which arrangements they are stable. We learned how to predict the number of electrons lost or gained and the oxidation number. We learned what a cation and anion is. We defined ionic radius and compared cation and anion radius to a neutral atom. We wrote names for binary ionic compounds and also how to write charges with polyatomic ions.

Need to Know

- What an ion is and how it becomes stable

- Which elements are cations and anions

- How ionic radius changes

- How to write binary ionic compounds

- Polyatomic ions

5.1 was quite challenging in some aspects. The hardest part was understanding transition metals when wrote as an ionic compound.

We need to know this information so we can move forward into molecules and covalent bonds. 

4.2

~Periodic Trends~

In 4.2 we learned about valence electrons. We also learned how to define atomic radius and know how the radius is largest at the bottom-left and smallest at the top-right. We learned about ionization energy and electronegativity and how protons and energy levels affect the reactivity of elements. 

Need to Know

- How to determine the number of valence electrons

- How to define the atomic radius

- What ionization energy and electronegativity is and the trends they follow

- Comparing the character and reactivity of different elements and justify these trends by using ionization energy and electronegativity

4.2 was slightly difficult when it came to first understanding electronegativity and ionization energy.

We need to know this information so we can know how many valence electrons are in an element and why they react the way they do. We can also know the atomic radius of an element based on its location on the periodic table.

3.3

~The Electron Cloud Model~

In 3.3 we learned about the electron cloud model. We learned about orbitals and sub-shlls as well as how to write electron configurations, including noble gas abbreviations. I learned how to identify an element based on its electron configuration as well.

Need to Know

- What the electron cloud model is

- How to write electron configurations

- How to write noble gas abbreviations

- How to identify s, p, d, and f blocks on Periodic Table

- How to identify elements based on their electron configuration

I didn't find section 3.3 to be a very difficult section.

We need to know all of the information above so we can comprehend where electrons may be as well as using electron configuration/noble gas notation. We will need this information for our future studies.

3.2

~The Bohr Model~

In 3.2 I learned about the wave/particle duality of electrons and the Bohr Model. I learned the concepts of how the electron is in fixed energy ranges and how it cannot gain or lose energy. I also came to understand the relationship between wavelength, frequency, and energy.

Need to Know

- The wave/particle duality of electrons

- The Bohr Model and how it is properly drawn out

- The concepts of the electron

- How to discover the energy of a photon based on the wavelength

The hardest part of this unit would have been first comprehending how an electron is dual-natured.

We need to know this information so we can understand an electron and how it moves in an atom.

7.1

~Nuclear Energy~

In 7.1 I learned about alpha and beta nuclear particles and gamma radiation including symbols, composition, and relative penetrability, half-life, as well as vocabulary words and nuclear fission/fusion.

Need to Know

-Alpha and beta decay equations as well as gamma radiation (while also remembering symbols, composition, and relative penetrability)

-How to calculate the age of a substance using isotop composition of a sample while given the half-life

-Sorting Vocabulary words into three categories: 

1)Radioactive Decay 2)Fission 3)Fusion

-Using equations to balance and solve for unknowns

The hardest part would be sorting the vocabulary words into three categories!

We need to know this information so we know how alpha and beta particles work, how gamma radiation works, and how nuclear fission/fusion works so we can apply this to our future studies.

3.1 & 4.1

~Atomic Structure~

In 3.1 I learned about the atomic structure of an atom. I learned that an atom is composed of protons, neutrons, electrons, and mostly empty space. 

Need To Know
Atomic Number (represented by the letter Z) tells us the number of Protons and Electrons in an atom.

Atomic Mass (represented by the letter A) tells us the number of Protons and Neutrons in an atom.

Although it was not very difficult the most challenging part of this lesson would be finding the "amu" for an atom based on the relative abundance of an elements isotopes. 

We need to know this information so we can know what element we have based on protons or how to find the amount of neutrons and electrons based on an isotopes mass and atomic number.

Fun Part - MnMium Lab!

~The Periodic Table~

In 4.1 I learned about the periodic table and how it is organized.

Need To Know

The periodic table is categorized in different ways. One method is based on the form of the element (Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Inner Transition Metals, Transition Metals, Post-Transition Metals, Metalloids, Nonmetals, Noble Gases, and Halogens.) A different was is based on the rows (also known as periods) and the columns (also known as the families.)

I found this lesson very easy and understandable. We do need to know this information though so we can categorize elements in a multitude of manners.

Fun Part - Coloring the periodic table!